BrandInsightAI Insights
A live data story · refreshed weekly

How AI
shops for Britain

We ask ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini the questions real UK consumers ask — every week, across 40 categories — and record exactly which brands they recommend and which sources they trust. This is what the answers say.

0 AI answers · 0 brands tracked · measured, never estimated

Chapter one · Concentration

Legal Services is a monarchy. Accounting Software is a bazaar.

The share of brand mentions captured by each category's top three. In legal services, three brands take 92% of everything AI says; in accounting software, 22 brands split the answers and the top three manage just 30%.

The data behind this chart
CategoryTop-3 presence shareLeaderLeader visibilityBrands named
Legal Services92%Citizens Advice10%4
Estate Agents91%Zoopla28%6
Used Cars89%Motors5%4
Solar & Heat Pumps80%Octopus Energy13%6
Dental Care78%mydentist5%5
OTC Medicines77%Ibuprofen90%12
Hotels67%Premier Inn38%14
Cybersecurity65%Bitdefender35%12
Smartphones63%Samsung60%20
Food Delivery63%Deliveroo78%28
Home Insurance62%More Than17%10
Health Insurance62%Bupa33%11
Energy Suppliers56%Octopus Energy18%9
Online Learning55%Coursera37%15
Video Games53%Sony83%16
Home Improvement51%IKEA13%9
Life Insurance50%Aviva25%12
Car Leasing48%First Vehicle Leasing7%8
Cloud & Web Hosting46%Google Drive58%20
Running Shoes44%Asics47%18
Private Healthcare44%Bupa22%12
Business Software44%Apple Notes58%23
Streaming Services43%Netflix68%28
Mobile Networks42%Three92%28
Laptops41%Lenovo63%17
Supermarkets41%Tesco33%27
Current Accounts40%Monzo48%21
Airlines39%British Airways43%25
Skincare38%Aveeno15%23
Broadband38%Virgin Media53%21
Business Banking38%Starling Bank38%18
Pensions38%Aviva12%15
Mattresses37%Emma15%22
Credit Cards35%Barclaycard20%21
Mortgages35%Nationwide10%17
Car Insurance35%Admiral23%27
Investment Platforms34%Trading 21228%25
Electric Cars32%Tesla43%28
Vitamins & Supplements30%Boots10%28
Accounting Software30%Emma27%22
Chapter three · The citation establishment

Britain has a citation establishment.

reddit.com and youtube.com are cited in 34 of 40 categories — from credit cards to skincare. A small set of trusted referees decides what AI believes, whatever the topic. Each green cell is one category where the domain is cited.

reddit.com 34/40 · 171
youtube.com 34/40 · 108
gov.uk 33/40 · 442
which.co.uk 32/40 · 134
moneysavingexpert.com 26/40 · 126
google.com 24/40 · 537
facebook.com 24/40 · 46
citizensadvice.org.uk 19/40 · 67
moneyhelper.org.uk 18/40 · 230
theguardian.com 18/40 · 34
The data behind this chart
DomainCategories cited inCitations
reddit.com34 of 40171
youtube.com34 of 40108
gov.uk33 of 40442
which.co.uk32 of 40134
moneysavingexpert.com26 of 40126
google.com24 of 40537
facebook.com24 of 4046
citizensadvice.org.uk19 of 4067
moneyhelper.org.uk18 of 40230
theguardian.com18 of 4034
moneysupermarket.com16 of 4096
fca.org.uk13 of 4075
Chapter four · Read is not cited

AI reads your website. It cites it 23% of the time.

Across every category, Claude and ChatGPT opened 3,406 brand-owned pages while answering — and put just 795 of them in their cited sources. Solar & Heat Pumps brands convert best (56%); otc medicines worst (0%).

0
brand pages read
0
actually cited
Solar & Heat Pumps56%
Dental Care50%
Used Cars50%
Car Leasing47%
Estate Agents39%
Hotels38%
Home Improvement37%
Energy Suppliers37%
Mattresses34%
Pensions34%
Mortgages32%
Vitamins & Supplements30%
Life Insurance29%
Business Banking27%
Cybersecurity27%
Car Insurance26%
Accounting Software26%
Investment Platforms26%
Supermarkets26%
Skincare25%
Current Accounts25%
Food Delivery24%
Home Insurance24%
Legal Services23%
Cloud & Web Hosting22%
Business Software22%
Smartphones21%
Health Insurance21%
Broadband19%
Airlines19%
Online Learning19%
Mobile Networks19%
Video Games18%
Private Healthcare18%
Streaming Services18%
Laptops18%
Electric Cars17%
Running Shoes16%
Credit Cards15%
OTC Medicines0%
The data behind this chart
CategoryBrand pages readCitedConversion
Solar & Heat Pumps16956%
Dental Care10550%
Used Cars201050%
Car Leasing582747%
Estate Agents381539%
Hotels13538%
Home Improvement351337%
Energy Suppliers381437%
Mattresses612134%
Pensions652234%
Mortgages601932%
Vitamins & Supplements371130%
Life Insurance692029%
Business Banking1774827%
Cybersecurity451227%
Car Insurance531426%
Accounting Software1193126%
Investment Platforms1624226%
Supermarkets27726%
Skincare16425%
Current Accounts1914725%
Food Delivery872124%
Home Insurance17424%
Legal Services31723%
Cloud & Web Hosting1463222%
Business Software1332922%
Smartphones1262721%
Health Insurance711521%
Broadband771519%
Airlines1873619%
Online Learning581119%
Mobile Networks741419%
Video Games1532818%
Private Healthcare2153918%
Streaming Services1462618%
Laptops2434318%
Electric Cars641117%
Running Shoes1872916%
Credit Cards791215%
OTC Medicines200%
Model agreement

In 8 categories, every model names a different winner.

Consensus is the exception: the models agree on the leading brand in only 12 of 40 categories, and disagree most in skincare. A brand that owns one assistant can be invisible in another — which makes "our AI visibility" a question with three different answers.

Cloud & Web Hosting Google Drive
OTC Medicines Ibuprofen
Business Software Apple Notes
Online Learning Coursera
Food Delivery Deliveroo
Airlines British Airways
Dental Care mydentist
Solar & Heat Pumps Octopus Energy
Video Games PlayStation · Sony
Cybersecurity Bitdefender · Norton
Hotels Premier Inn · Travelodge
Laptops Apple · Lenovo
Life Insurance Royal London · Aviva
Estate Agents Zoopla · Rightmove
Smartphones Google · Samsung
Legal Services Citizens Advice · Co-op Legal Serv
Broadband BT · Virgin Media
Energy Suppliers British Gas · Octopus Energy
Health Insurance Bupa · Aviva
Running Shoes Hoka · Asics
Home Insurance Budget Insurance · Aviva
Car Insurance Admiral · More Than
Credit Cards Barclaycard · TSB
Investment Platforms Hargreaves Lansdown · Trading 212
Supermarkets Asda · Tesco
Home Improvement Howdens · Wickes
Mortgages Clydesdale Bank · Nationwide
Vitamins & Supplements Viridian Nutrition · Boots
Business Banking Tide · Monzo · Starling Bank
Car Leasing All Car Leasing · Carwow · First V
Mattresses Nectar · Emma · Simba
Accounting Software YNAB · Xero · Emma
Private Healthcare Spire Healthcare · Bupa · Circle H
Pensions Vanguard · Aviva · Interactive Inv
Skincare Nivea · Vaseline · Aveeno
Used Cars Motors · Auto Trader · Carwow
Top-five overlap between models: Claude ↔ Gemini: 52%Claude ↔ ChatGPT: 48%Gemini ↔ ChatGPT: 53%
The data behind this chart
CategoryLeaders namedAgreementTop-5 overlap
Cloud & Web HostingClaude: Google Drive · Gemini: Google Drive · ChatGPT: Google Drive100%100%
Mobile NetworksClaude: Three · Gemini: Three · ChatGPT: Three100%100%
OTC MedicinesClaude: Ibuprofen · Gemini: Ibuprofen · ChatGPT: Ibuprofen100%67%
Electric CarsClaude: Tesla · Gemini: Tesla · ChatGPT: Tesla100%50%
Business SoftwareClaude: Apple Notes · Gemini: Apple Notes · ChatGPT: Apple Notes100%43%
Current AccountsClaude: Monzo · Gemini: Monzo · ChatGPT: Monzo100%43%
Online LearningClaude: Coursera · Gemini: Coursera · ChatGPT: Coursera100%43%
Streaming ServicesClaude: Netflix · Gemini: Netflix · ChatGPT: Netflix100%43%
Food DeliveryClaude: Deliveroo · Gemini: Deliveroo · ChatGPT: Deliveroo100%38%
AirlinesClaude: British Airways · Gemini: British Airways · ChatGPT: British Airways100%22%
Dental CareClaude: mydentist · Gemini: mydentist · ChatGPT: mydentist100%20%
Solar & Heat PumpsClaude: Octopus Energy · Gemini: Octopus Energy · ChatGPT: Octopus Energy100%17%
Video GamesClaude: PlayStation · Gemini: Sony · ChatGPT: Sony50%100%
CybersecurityClaude: Bitdefender · Gemini: Norton · ChatGPT: Norton50%67%
HotelsClaude: Premier Inn · Gemini: Premier Inn · ChatGPT: Travelodge50%67%
LaptopsClaude: Apple · Gemini: Lenovo · ChatGPT: Lenovo50%67%
Life InsuranceClaude: Royal London · Gemini: Aviva · ChatGPT: Aviva50%67%
Estate AgentsClaude: Zoopla · Gemini: Rightmove · ChatGPT: Zoopla50%60%
SmartphonesClaude: Google · Gemini: Samsung · ChatGPT: Samsung50%57%
Legal ServicesClaude: Citizens Advice · Gemini: Co-op Legal Services · ChatGPT: Citizens Advice50%50%
BroadbandClaude: BT · Gemini: Virgin Media · ChatGPT: Virgin Media50%43%
Energy SuppliersClaude: British Gas · Gemini: Octopus Energy · ChatGPT: Octopus Energy50%43%
Health InsuranceClaude: Bupa · Gemini: Aviva · ChatGPT: Bupa50%43%
Running ShoesClaude: Hoka · Gemini: Asics · ChatGPT: Asics50%43%
Home InsuranceClaude: Budget Insurance · Gemini: Aviva · ChatGPT: Budget Insurance50%38%
Car InsuranceClaude: Admiral · Gemini: Admiral · ChatGPT: More Than50%25%
Credit CardsClaude: Barclaycard · Gemini: Barclaycard · ChatGPT: TSB50%25%
Investment PlatformsClaude: Hargreaves Lansdown · Gemini: Hargreaves Lansdown · ChatGPT: Trading 21250%25%
SupermarketsClaude: Asda · Gemini: Tesco · ChatGPT: Tesco50%22%
Home ImprovementClaude: Howdens · Gemini: Howdens · ChatGPT: Wickes50%11%
MortgagesClaude: Clydesdale Bank · Gemini: Nationwide · ChatGPT: Clydesdale Bank50%0%
Vitamins & SupplementsClaude: Viridian Nutrition · Gemini: Boots · ChatGPT: Boots50%0%
Business BankingClaude: Tide · Gemini: Monzo · ChatGPT: Starling Bank0%43%
Car LeasingClaude: All Car Leasing · Gemini: Carwow · ChatGPT: First Vehicle Leasing0%29%
MattressesClaude: Nectar · Gemini: Emma · ChatGPT: Simba0%29%
Accounting SoftwareClaude: YNAB · Gemini: Xero · ChatGPT: Emma0%25%
Private HealthcareClaude: Spire Healthcare · Gemini: Bupa · ChatGPT: Circle Health Group0%25%
PensionsClaude: Vanguard · Gemini: Aviva · ChatGPT: Interactive Investor0%10%
SkincareClaude: Nivea · Gemini: Vaseline · ChatGPT: Aveeno0%0%
Used CarsClaude: Motors · Gemini: Auto Trader · ChatGPT: Carwow0%0%
The citation formula

There is no single formula. Every category rewards something different.

Percentage-point difference in how often a page gets cited, with a feature versus without, within the pages models actually read. Structured data travels furthest — worth +13pp on average — but read down the columns and the picture changes category by category.

FeatureSkincareMattressesCar InsuraLaptopsAirlinesElectric CSmartphoneBroadbandMobile NetEnergy SupCredit CarCurrent Ac
Structured data+31+13+10-1+11·······
Specifications+14-5·+18-1+13-7+15+12···
Answer up front+5-8+9+5+4+14-13+10+4+18+0+14
Named author+19+0+8-3+3+10-4-12+26+3+0+5
Comparison table-4-12+3+6-1+7-20-5+10-4+0-3
Updated this year+3-15-11+2-11+0-13-20+5-16+0-5
Hard statistics-25-22-26+7-21-4-12-15-16-22+0-24
Cites its sources-35·-22····-44····
The data behind this chart
FeatureCategoryLift (pp)
Structured dataSkincare+31
Structured dataMattresses+13
Structured dataCar Insurance+10
Structured dataLaptops-1
Structured dataAirlines+11
SpecificationsElectric Cars+13
SpecificationsSkincare+14
SpecificationsMattresses-5
SpecificationsLaptops+18
SpecificationsSmartphones-7
SpecificationsBroadband+15
SpecificationsMobile Networks+12
SpecificationsAirlines-1
Answer up frontElectric Cars+14
Answer up frontSkincare+5
Answer up frontEnergy Suppliers+18
Answer up frontCredit Cards+0
Answer up frontCurrent Accounts+14
Answer up frontInvestment Platforms+5
Answer up frontMortgages+0
Answer up frontFood Delivery+2
Answer up frontSupermarkets+8
Answer up frontMattresses-8
Answer up frontCar Insurance+9
Answer up frontLaptops+5
Answer up frontSmartphones-13
Answer up frontBroadband+10
Answer up frontMobile Networks+4
Answer up frontAirlines+4
Answer up frontHotels+15
Named authorElectric Cars+10
Named authorSkincare+19
Named authorEnergy Suppliers+3
Named authorCredit Cards+0
Named authorCurrent Accounts+5
Named authorInvestment Platforms-2
Named authorMortgages-0
Named authorFood Delivery+13
Named authorSupermarkets+8
Named authorMattresses+0
Named authorCar Insurance+8
Named authorLaptops-3
Named authorSmartphones-4
Named authorBroadband-12
Named authorMobile Networks+26
Named authorAirlines+3
Named authorHotels-5
Comparison tableElectric Cars+7
Comparison tableSkincare-4
Comparison tableEnergy Suppliers-4
Comparison tableCredit Cards+0
Comparison tableCurrent Accounts-3
Comparison tableInvestment Platforms-3
Comparison tableMortgages+2
Comparison tableFood Delivery-5
Comparison tableSupermarkets-16
Comparison tableMattresses-12
Comparison tableCar Insurance+3
Comparison tableLaptops+6
Comparison tableSmartphones-20
Comparison tableBroadband-5
Comparison tableMobile Networks+10
Comparison tableAirlines-1
Comparison tableHotels+6
Updated this yearElectric Cars+0
Updated this yearSkincare+3
Updated this yearEnergy Suppliers-16
Updated this yearCredit Cards+0
Updated this yearCurrent Accounts-5
Updated this yearInvestment Platforms-4
Updated this yearMortgages+2
Updated this yearFood Delivery+2
Updated this yearSupermarkets-2
Updated this yearMattresses-15
Updated this yearCar Insurance-11
Updated this yearLaptops+2
Updated this yearSmartphones-13
Updated this yearBroadband-20
Updated this yearMobile Networks+5
Updated this yearAirlines-11
Updated this yearHotels+11
Hard statisticsElectric Cars-4
Hard statisticsSkincare-25
Hard statisticsEnergy Suppliers-22
Hard statisticsCredit Cards+0
Hard statisticsCurrent Accounts-24
Hard statisticsInvestment Platforms-5
Hard statisticsMortgages-3
Hard statisticsFood Delivery-6
Hard statisticsSupermarkets-17
Hard statisticsMattresses-22
Hard statisticsCar Insurance-26
Hard statisticsLaptops+7
Hard statisticsSmartphones-12
Hard statisticsBroadband-15
Hard statisticsMobile Networks-16
Hard statisticsAirlines-21
Hard statisticsHotels-27
Cites its sourcesSkincare-35
Cites its sourcesCar Insurance-22
Cites its sourcesBroadband-44
The content economy

Some categories run on guides. Others run on the crowd.

What AI actually cites in each category, by kind of page. The mix is the brief: it tells you what to publish to be quotable here — and it is not the same twice.

EditorialHow-to guidesComparisonsListiclespricingProduct pages
The data behind this chart
CategoryPage typeShare of citations
Electric CarsEditorial28%
Electric CarsHow-to guides22%
Electric CarsComparisons10%
Electric CarsListicles10%
Electric Carspricing9%
SkincareEditorial36%
SkincareHow-to guides30%
SkincareProduct pages13%
Skincarecategory-page6%
SkincareOther5%
Energy SuppliersHow-to guides40%
Energy SuppliersEditorial37%
Energy SuppliersComparisons8%
Energy Suppliersfaq6%
Energy SuppliersOther4%
Credit CardsComparisons45%
Credit CardsHow-to guides28%
Credit CardsEditorial28%
Current AccountsComparisons25%
Current AccountsHow-to guides21%
Current AccountsProduct pages20%
Current AccountsEditorial15%
Current AccountsDocumentation7%
Investment PlatformsEditorial26%
Investment PlatformsHow-to guides24%
Investment PlatformsComparisons20%
Investment PlatformsProduct pages10%
Investment PlatformsDocumentation7%
MortgagesHow-to guides42%
MortgagesEditorial39%
MortgagesComparisons8%
MortgagesNews4%
MortgagesDocumentation4%
Food DeliveryEditorial27%
Food DeliveryComparisons17%
Food DeliveryProduct pages14%
Food DeliveryHow-to guides14%
Food DeliveryCommunity threads9%
SupermarketsEditorial25%
SupermarketsHow-to guides22%
SupermarketsListicles17%
SupermarketsNews9%
SupermarketsProduct pages7%
MattressesEditorial29%
MattressesHow-to guides28%
MattressesComparisons17%
MattressesListicles6%
MattressesDocumentation5%
Car InsuranceEditorial48%
Car InsuranceHow-to guides26%
Car InsuranceProduct pages11%
Car InsuranceComparisons10%
Car InsuranceOther4%
LaptopsComparisons21%
LaptopsListicles20%
LaptopsProduct pages15%
LaptopsReviews14%
LaptopsEditorial10%
SmartphonesComparisons31%
SmartphonesEditorial21%
SmartphonesHow-to guides15%
SmartphonesListicles9%
SmartphonesCommunity threads8%
BroadbandHow-to guides32%
BroadbandComparisons29%
BroadbandEditorial22%
BroadbandProduct pages7%
BroadbandNews4%
Mobile NetworksHow-to guides52%
Mobile NetworksComparisons24%
Mobile NetworksEditorial8%
Mobile Networkspricing6%
Mobile NetworksProduct pages5%
AirlinesHow-to guides28%
AirlinesEditorial24%
AirlinesComparisons12%
AirlinesDocumentation11%
AirlinesProduct pages9%
HotelsEditorial27%
HotelsHow-to guides26%
HotelsCommunity threads12%
Hotelsfaq10%
HotelsProduct pages10%
The freshness economy

AI wants this month's answer in energy suppliers, and last year's in food delivery.

Median age of the content AI cites, by category — from each page's last-modified date. Where the bar is short, stale content is invisible no matter how good it is; where it is long, evergreen pages keep earning.

The data behind this chart
CategoryMedian age of cited content
Energy Suppliers0.0 months
Mattresses0.0 months
Laptops0.1 months
Credit Cards0.1 months
Car Insurance0.1 months
Current Accounts0.1 months
Investment Platforms0.1 months
Mortgages0.1 months
Electric Cars0.1 months
Broadband0.1 months
Smartphones0.1 months
Mobile Networks0.4 months
Hotels0.5 months
Skincare0.8 months
Supermarkets1.0 months
Airlines1.6 months
Food Delivery3.2 months

Age is measured from each page's last-modified date, which about half of pages publish; categories without enough dated pages are omitted rather than guessed.

The readiness league

Skincare brands build for AI. Hotels brands don't — yet.

How ready each category's brand-owned pages are for AI search, scored on eight structural signals models reward. A low score is not a verdict on the brands; it is the size of the opportunity sitting in front of whoever moves first.

The data behind this chart
CategoryMean readinessBrand pages profiled
Skincare3259
Investment Platforms2751
Mortgages2523
Current Accounts25173
Laptops2557
Credit Cards2423
Electric Cars2314
Mattresses2346
Mobile Networks2251
Smartphones2152
Food Delivery1956
Broadband1995
Energy Suppliers1942
Car Insurance1984
Airlines1840
Supermarkets149
Hotels1324
Chapter five · Three judges

Three AIs, three personalities.

Ask the same 800 questions and the judges behave differently: Gemini names 2.5 brands per answer; ChatGPT keeps counsel with the fewest sources. Winning one model's answer does not win the others'.

Claude

Brands named per answer1.5
Sources cited per answer3.4
The middle judge — a shortlist, tightly sourced.

Gemini

Brands named per answer2.5
Sources cited per answer6.7
The breadth engine — casts the widest net of brands and sources.

ChatGPT

Brands named per answer1.7
Sources cited per answer2.9
The most selective — few names, fewer sources, high conviction.
Explore the data

Watch the crowns move.

The programme re-runs every week and audits every cited page monthly — the boards below are live, and this report re-writes itself as the data changes.

Method: each category runs a fixed set of 20 unbranded consumer prompts (spread across the buying journey, written from persona and need-state pairings) against ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini weekly. Visibility is the share of answers naming a brand; the read→cited figures use Claude and ChatGPT only, because Gemini does not separate pages it read from pages it cited. Findings are correlational observations of model behaviour at the time of each run. Data updated Tue, 01 Sep 2026 17:27:14 GMT.

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